TP6.2 - العلاقات بين الموظف والقسم

الأهداف

في نهاية هذا التمرين، ستكون قادرًا على:

1. ✅ إنشاء الكيانات مع العلاقات @ManyToOne و@OneToMany
2. ✅ إدارة العلاقات ثنائية الاتجاه
3. ✅ استخدام عمليات الكاسكيد
4. ✅ تجنب مشكلة N+1 باستخدام JOIN FETCH

المدة المقدرة: 2 ساعات

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المتطلبات الأساسية

• ✅ إكمال الفصل 2 من الوحدة 6
• ✅ إكمال TP6.1
• ✅ Maven 3.9+ وJava 17+

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التحضير: مشروع جديد

Spring Initializr

التكوين:

• Artifact: employee-department
• Dependencies: Spring Web, Spring Data JPA, H2 Database

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التمرين 1: إنشاء الكيانات

الخطوة 1.1: كيان القسم

الملف: model/Department.java

package com.example.relations.model;

import jakarta.persistence.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

@Entity
@Table(name = "departments")
public class Department {
    
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;
    
    private String name;
    private String location;
    
    // ONE department has MANY employees
    @OneToMany(mappedBy = "department", cascade = CascadeType.ALL, orphanRemoval = true)
    private List<Employee> employees = new ArrayList<>();
    
    // Constructeurs
    public Department() {}
    
    public Department(String name, String location) {
        this.name = name;
        this.location = location;
    }
    
    // Helper methods pour synchroniser la relation
    public void addEmployee(Employee employee) {
        employees.add(employee);
        employee.setDepartment(this);
    }
    
    public void removeEmployee(Employee employee) {
        employees.remove(employee);
        employee.setDepartment(null);
    }
    
    // Getters et Setters
    public Long getId() { return id; }
    public void setId(Long id) { this.id = id; }
    
    public String getName() { return name; }
    public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }
    
    public String getLocation() { return location; }
    public void setLocation(String location) { this.location = location; }
    
    public List<Employee> getEmployees() { return employees; }
    public void setEmployees(List<Employee> employees) { this.employees = employees; }
}

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الخطوة 1.2: كيان الموظف

الملف: model/Employee.java

package com.example.relations.model;

import jakarta.persistence.*;

@Entity
@Table(name = "employees")
public class Employee {
    
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;
    
    private String name;
    private String email;
    private Double salary;
    
    // MANY employees belong to ONE department
    @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
    @JoinColumn(name = "department_id")
    private Department department;
    
    // Constructeurs
    public Employee() {}
    
    public Employee(String name, String email, Double salary) {
        this.name = name;
        this.email = email;
        this.salary = salary;
    }
    
    // Getters et Setters
    public Long getId() { return id; }
    public void setId(Long id) { this.id = id; }
    
    public String getName() { return name; }
    public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }
    
    public String getEmail() { return email; }
    public void setEmail(String email) { this.email = email; }
    
    public Double getSalary() { return salary; }
    public void setSalary(Double salary) { this.salary = salary; }
    
    public Department getDepartment() { return department; }
    public void setDepartment(Department department) { this.department = department; }
}

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التمرين 2: إنشاء المستودعات

الخطوة 2.1: DepartmentRepository

الملف: repository/DepartmentRepository.java

package com.example.relations.repository;

import com.example.relations.model.Department;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.Query;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

import java.util.List;

@Repository
public interface DepartmentRepository extends JpaRepository<Department, Long> {
    
    // Méthode simple
    List<Department> findByLocation(String location);
    
    // Avec JOIN FETCH pour éviter N+1
    @Query("SELECT d FROM Department d JOIN FETCH d.employees")
    List<Department> findAllWithEmployees();
}

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الخطوة 2.2: EmployeeRepository

الملف: repository/EmployeeRepository.java

package com.example.relations.repository;

import com.example.relations.model.Employee;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.Query;
import org.springframework.data.repository.query.Param;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

import java.util.List;

@Repository
public interface EmployeeRepository extends JpaRepository<Employee, Long> {
    
    // Traverser la relation
    List<Employee> findByDepartmentName(String deptName);
    
    // Avec salaire
    List<Employee> findBySalaryGreaterThan(Double minSalary);
    
    // Département ET salaire
    List<Employee> findByDepartmentNameAndSalaryGreaterThan(
        String deptName, 
        Double minSalary
    );
    
    // Avec JOIN FETCH
    @Query("SELECT e FROM Employee e JOIN FETCH e.department")
    List<Employee> findAllWithDepartment();
    
    // Requête personnalisée
    @Query("SELECT e FROM Employee e WHERE e.department.location = :location")
    List<Employee> findByDepartmentLocation(@Param("location") String location);
}

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التمرين 3: تهيئة البيانات

الملف: config/DataLoader.java

package com.example.relations.config;

import com.example.relations.model.Department;
import com.example.relations.model.Employee;
import com.example.relations.repository.DepartmentRepository;
import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration
public class DataLoader {
    
    @Bean
    CommandLineRunner initDatabase(DepartmentRepository deptRepo) {
        return args -> {
            System.out.println("=== Initialisation ===");
            
            // Département IT
            Department it = new Department("IT", "Montreal");
            it.addEmployee(new Employee("Alice", "alice@example.com", 75000.0));
            it.addEmployee(new Employee("Bob", "bob@example.com", 65000.0));
            it.addEmployee(new Employee("Charlie", "charlie@example.com", 80000.0));
            deptRepo.save(it);
            
            // Département HR
            Department hr = new Department("HR", "Quebec");
            hr.addEmployee(new Employee("David", "david@example.com", 55000.0));
            hr.addEmployee(new Employee("Eve", "eve@example.com", 60000.0));
            deptRepo.save(hr);
            
            // Département Sales
            Department sales = new Department("Sales", "Montreal");
            sales.addEmployee(new Employee("Frank", "frank@example.com", 50000.0));
            sales.addEmployee(new Employee("Grace", "grace@example.com", 52000.0));
            deptRepo.save(sales);
            
            System.out.println("=== " + deptRepo.count() + " départements créés ===");
        };
    }
}

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التمرين 4: إنشاء المتحكمات

متحكم الأقسام

الملف: controller/DepartmentController.java

package com.example.relations.controller;

import com.example.relations.model.Department;
import com.example.relations.repository.DepartmentRepository;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;

import java.util.List;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/departments")
public class DepartmentController {
    
    private final DepartmentRepository deptRepo;
    
    public DepartmentController(DepartmentRepository deptRepo) {
        this.deptRepo = deptRepo;
    }
    
    @GetMapping
    public List<Department> getAll() {
        return deptRepo.findAll();
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public Department getById(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return deptRepo.findById(id).orElseThrow();
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/with-employees")
    public List<Department> getAllWithEmployees() {
        return deptRepo.findAllWithEmployees();
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/location/{location}")
    public List<Department> byLocation(@PathVariable String location) {
        return deptRepo.findByLocation(location);
    }
}

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متحكم الموظفين

الملف: controller/EmployeeController.java

package com.example.relations.controller;

import com.example.relations.model.Employee;
import com.example.relations.repository.EmployeeRepository;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;

import java.util.List;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/employees")
public class EmployeeController {
    
    private final EmployeeRepository empRepo;
    
    public EmployeeController(EmployeeRepository empRepo) {
        this.empRepo = empRepo;
    }
    
    @GetMapping
    public List<Employee> getAll() {
        return empRepo.findAll();
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/department/{deptName}")
    public List<Employee> byDepartment(@PathVariable String deptName) {
        return empRepo.findByDepartmentName(deptName);
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/salary-above/{minSalary}")
    public List<Employee> highSalary(@PathVariable Double minSalary) {
        return empRepo.findBySalaryGreaterThan(minSalary);
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/with-department")
    public List<Employee> withDepartment() {
        return empRepo.findAllWithDepartment();
    }
}

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التمرين 5: الاختبار

اختبار 1: استرجاع جميع الأقسام

GET http://localhost:8080/api/departments

⚠️ انظر إلى وحدة التحكم SQL:

SELECT * FROM departments;
-- Pas de JOIN! Les employees ne sont pas chargés (LAZY)

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اختبار 2: استرجاع قسم مع موظفيه

GET http://localhost:8080/api/departments/1

وحدة التحكم SQL:

SELECT * FROM departments WHERE id = 1;
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id = 1;  -- 2ème requête!

هذا طبيعي مع LAZY!

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اختبار 3: تجنب N+1 باستخدام JOIN FETCH

GET http://localhost:8080/api/departments/with-employees

وحدة التحكم SQL:

-- 1 SEULE requête avec JOIN!
SELECT d.*, e.* 
FROM departments d 
LEFT JOIN employees e ON d.id = e.department_id;

✅ أكثر كفاءة بكثير!

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اختبار 4: موظفو قسم

GET http://localhost:8080/api/employees/department/IT

النتيجة: Alice, Bob, Charlie

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اختبار 5: موظفون براتب > 60000

GET http://localhost:8080/api/employees/salary-above/60000

النتيجة: Alice (75k), Charlie (80k), Eve (60k)

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التحدي: CRUD كامل مع العلاقات

قم بإنشاء هذه النقاط النهائية:

1. POST /api/departments - إنشاء قسم
2. POST /api/employees - إنشاء موظف (مع department_id)
3. PUT /api/employees/{id}/department/{deptId} - تغيير قسم موظف
4. DELETE /api/departments/{id} - حذف قسم (وموظفيه بالكاسكيد)
5. GET /api/departments/{id}/employees - موظفو قسم محدد

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الخطوة التالية

انتقل إلى TP3 للتقييم الكامل!

➡️ TP6.3: تمرين المطار

⬅️ التمرين السابق: الاتفاقيات

⬅️ العودة إلى الوحدة 6